target committee atomic bomb

Two committees—the Target Committee and the Interim Committee—were convened to advise U.S. leaders on the atomic bomb. May 1945 : “Little Boy” – the bomb used on Hiroshima – is deemed ready for combat though it is missing the nuclear material. The removal of Dr. Mitchell from New Mexico and his use in procure-ment work in New York. In this interview, he describes his relationship with J. Robert Oppenheimer, beginning with the summer symposiums on theoretical physics at Ann Arbor, MI in the 1930s, where Oppenheimer lectured. In the words of Alex Wellerstein, a historian of science at the Stevens Institute of Technology: He says that in the spring of 1945, the military convened a target committee, a mix of officers and scientists, to decide where the bomb should fall. The work on the actual selection of targets for the atomic bomb was begun in the spring of 1945. The core was being readied for transport to Tinian. Minutes of Third Target Committee Meeting - Washington, May 28, 1945, Top Secret. Choosing the first atomic target – May 5, 1943 May 5, 1943 is one of the most important dates, and possibly the least known, in the history of the nuclear age. A composite group of the 20th Air Force has been organized and specially trained and equipped.” By the time the memo was written, it was clear to everyone connected with the atomic bomb project that Germany would not be the target. b. At its May 1945 meetings at Los Alamos, the Target Committee agreed that destruction of the selected tar-get should succeed in … Although it was a target of considerable military importance, it had been the ancient capital of Japan and was a shrine of Japanese art and culture. An island target was considered, but it raised several concerns. View OCR of the document. All three cities harbored important Japanese war industries. Memorandum for Major General L.R. Realistically, based on the timeline of the atomic bomb creation, there seemed little chance that Germany would be a viable target. On the contrary, both the Target Committee (which included Robert Oppenheimer and Maj. Gen. Leslie Groves of the Manhattan Project) and the higher-level Interim Committee (led by Secretary of War Henry Stimson) sought to kill large numbers of Japanese civilians in the attack. The third and final meeting of the Target Committee on May 28, 1945, culminated in the selection of Kyoto, Hiroshima, and Niigata as targets for the atomic bomb. Two committees – the Target Committee and the Interim Committee – were convened in the Spring of 1945 to advise US leaders on the atomic bomb. Target Committee, Minutes of the second meeting of the Target Committee, Los Alamos, May 10-11, 1945. In May of 1945, the Interim Committee was created. It included the members of the top project, but also included Oppenheimer, chief scientist of the Manhattan project, and James Byrnes, Truman’s secretary of State. One of their jobs was to designate a target to drop the atomic bomb. May 28, 1945. It appears that the principal recommendations will be: a. Description. With Secretary of War Stimson presiding, members of the committee heard reports on a variety of Manhattan Project issues, including the stages of development of the atomic project, problems of secrecy, the possibility of informing the Soviet Union, cooperation with “like-minded” powers, the military impact of the bomb on Japan, and the problem of “undesirable scientists.” Memorandum from J. R. Oppenheimer to Brigadier General Farrell on Target Selection, May 11, 1945 Subject: Summary of Target Committee Meetings on 10 and 11 May 1945 1. The second meeting of the Target Committee convened at 9:00 AM 10 May in Dr. Oppenheimer’s office at Site Y with the following present: The formal committee report is now being prepared. The basic recommendations were reported verbally. As the Target Committee’s name indicates, these discussions were considering the best possible locations, as well as best possible uses, for dropping the atomic bombs. April 27, 1945: The Target Committee meets for the first time to discuss atomic bomb targets in Japan. Target committee members believed an atom bomb could destroy the infrastructure of Japan without the need for an invasion, so the cities of Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, Niigata, and … A number of experts in various fields assisted in the study. Target Cities. These two cities were active working parts of the Japanese war effort. It is the former capital of Japan and many people and industries are now being moved there as other areas are being destroyed. In the early spring of 1945, prior to the creation of the Interim Committee, General Leslie Groves established the Target Committee to provide military recommendations on how to use of the atomic bomb. On 27 April 1945, the Manhattan Project Target Committee was formed, with Parsons as a key member, in order to select targets for the atomic bombs. ... as the best target of the first atomic bomb. To the Target Committee, one ideal target was Kyoto — which hadn’t been bombed at all at that point in the war and was a cultural epicenter in Japan and home to many universities. The target committee wants the bomb to explode at the right height to inflict maximum damage: too high, and it blows up in “thin air”; too low and it mainly blasts a huge crater. Among its primary concerns was showing off the bomb's power to the maximum effect. The discussion took place in the famous Target Committee meetings and was entirely focused on Japan. Date. The most immediate of the committee's tasks, one that has been the focus of much subsequent controversy, was to make recommendations concerning the use of the atomic bomb against Japan. The prioritization of maximizing the bomb’s psychological impact on the Japanese population and leadership is the common thread that binds the recommendations of … The Target Committee also recommended on May 31, 1945, “that we should seek to make a profound psychological impression on as many of the inhabitants as possible.” The goal was essentially to show that the bomb could destroy a whole city. Meeting of the Target Selection Committee. Groves regarding the Summary of Target Committee Meetings on May 10th, 11th, 12th, 1945. In the early spring of 1945, prior to the creation of the Interim Committee, General Leslie Groves established the This was done in close cooperation with the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, and his Headquarters. The Target Committee, composed of Groves' deputy, two Army Air Forces officers, and five scientists including one from Great Britain, met in Washington in mid-April 1945. He also attended some of the Interim Committee meetings, where how the atomic bomb might be used and postwar nuclear issues were discussed. Just weeks before the US dropped the most powerful weapon mankind has ever known, Nagasaki was not even on a list of target cities for the atomic bomb. The third atomic bomb, which was the second plutonium fueled implosion bomb, was already at Tinian. On May 10 and 11 th, a Target Committee meet at Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine possible targets for atomic bomb.Military personnel and selected Manhattan Project scientists discussed the preparations required for the dropping of Little Boy. In … Alternatives to the Atomic Bomb « Atomic Bomb: Was it just? Dr. Stearns had a list of five targets which the Air Force would be willing to reserve for our use unless unforeseen circumstances arise. 1, No. Memorandum for the Secretary of War from General L. R. Groves,- "Atomic Fission Bombs," April 23rd, 1945 Notes on Initial Meeting of Target Committee ,- May 2nd, 1945 M emorandum from Major J. Al Christman's book, Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb (Naval Institute 1998), notes that the operational plan in February 1945 "called for the military use in the summer [of 1945] of Little Boy and one or two Fat Man bombs, followed by more if necessary." These reasons and others convinced the group that the bomb should be dropped without warning on a "dual target" -- a war plant surrounded by workers' homes. [23] "Report of the Committee on Social and Political Implications," signed by Professor James Franck of the University of Chicago and submitted to the Secretary of War, 11 June 1945, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. A single scientist? The Target Committee nominated five targets: Kokura (now Kitakyushu), the site of one of Japan's largest munitions plants; Hiroshima, an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; Yokohama, an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; Niigata, a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum … Open PDF in new window. Groves appointed a Target Committee to recommend targets for the atomic bombs. Little Boy, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, in the loading bay. By the end of May 1945, the Committee selected, in order of priority, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Kokura and Niigata. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki on August 9. The target now was Japan, where the military estimated the atomic bomb might save a million young American lives that would otherwise be lost in invading the Japanese home islands. In May 1945, the Target Committee at Los Alamos had recommended Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, and Kokura, Japan, as possible atomic bomb targets… These targets are: (1) Kyoto - This target is an urban industrial area with a population of 1,000,000. A committee of … The first successful test detonation, the Trinity Test, in New Mexico only occurred on July 16, 1945. Working in conjunction with allies from Canada and the United Kingdom, the U.S. atomic bomb effort (the Manhattan Project) took root in New Mexico’s Los Alamos Laboratory under the guidance of physicist J. Robert Oppenheim…

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